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# **TTL Manipulation**
Send some packets with a TTL enough to arrive to the IDS/IPS but not enough to arrive to the final system. And then, send another packets with the same sequences as the other ones so the IPS/IDS will think that they are repetitions and won't check them, but indeed they are carrying the malicious content.
**Nmap option:** `--ttlvalue `
# Avoiding signatures
Just add garbage data to the packets so the IPS/IDS signature is avoided.
**Nmap option:** `--data-length 25`
# **Fragmented Packets**
Just fragment the packets and send them. If the IDS/IPS doesn't have the ability to reassemble them, they will arrive to the final host.
**Nmap option:** `-f`
# **Invalid** _**checksum**_
Sensors usually don't calculate checksum for performance reasons. __ So an attacker can send a packet that will be **interpreted by the sensor but rejected by the final host.** Example:
Send a packet with the flag RST and a invalid checksum, so then, the IPS/IDS may thing that this packet is going to close the connection, but the final host will discard the packet as the checksum is invalid.
# **Uncommon IP and TCP options**
A sensor might disregard packets with certain flags and options set within IP and TCP headers, whereas the destination host accepts the packet upon receipt.
# **Overlapping**
It is possible that when you fragment a packet, some kind of overlapping exists between packets (maybe first 8 bytes of packet 2 overlaps with last 8 bytes of packet 1, and 8 last bytes of packet 2 overlaps with first 8 bytes of packet 3). Then, if the IDS/IPS reassembles them in a different way than the final host, a different packet will be interpreted.\
Or maybe, 2 packets with the same offset comes and the host has to decide which one it takes.
* **BSD**: It has preference for packets with smaller _offset_. For packets with same offset, it will choose the first one.
* **Linux**: Like BSD, but it prefers the last packet with the same offset.
* **First** (Windows): First value that comes, value that stays.
* **Last** (cisco): Last value that comes, value that stays.
# Tools
* [https://github.com/vecna/sniffjoke](https://github.com/vecna/sniffjoke)
Support HackTricks and get benefits!
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- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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